Background: Bacteria can be transmitted to consumers around the world due to the movement of animals, and food products. The current study's goal is to look into the genetic and molecular causes of Salmonella isolated from eggs' multidrug resistance. Methods: 500 egg samples from 37 Iranian brands were extracted from Salmonella yolk and shell source and after confirmation by differential phenotypic methods and resistance test for tetracycline, cellophanamide and nitrofurantoin-furazolidone antibiotics were performed. DNA of strains was extracted and using PCR with specific primers, the presence of tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, tetG, tetE, tetE, tetH, sul (I), sul (II), sul (III), nfsA, nfsB were examined according to control DNA (ATCC14028). Results: Among the genes of teta, tetb. tetc, tetd, tete, tetf, tetg and teth, the presence of tetc was seen in 81% of the samples and not in 19% of them. Other tetracycline resistance genes were not found in the samples. Tracing of genes related to sulfonamide resistance by PCR showed that among the Sul1, Sul2, and Sul3 genes, sulfonamide resistance of Sul2 was observed in 95. 5% of the samples. Nitrofurantoin resistance genes in the samples showed that 9. 1% of the samples contained nfsa gene and 4. 5% contained nfsb gene. Other samples did not have any nitrofurantoin resistance gene. Conclusion: Improper use of antibiotics has caused multidrug resistance to Salmonella, so the study of genes and resistance mechanisms in Salmonella strains isolated from produced eggs in Iran is vital.

The present study evaluated the Salmonella isolates obtained from various origins in Iran. Salmonella strains previously recovered and stored in the veterinary microbiology laboratory were serotyped and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility test, detection of the virulence and resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and genotyping by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR). All Salmonella isolates showed resistance to erythromycin and the most resistance rates were detected for trimethoprim (86.66%), ampicillin (75.00%), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (63.33%), respectively. In total, 86.33% of the isolates were known as multi-drug resistant and none of the isolates showed resistance to cefepime, nalidixic acid, imipenem, ceftriaxone, and polymyxin B. The virulence genes, invA, sdiA, and hilA besides the tetA resistance gene were identified in all 60 Salmonella strains. The most prevalent resistance genes were respectively tetC (70.00%), sul2 (58.33%), and ereA (55.00%). Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between Salmonella serotypes associated with the sul1 resistance gene. In ERIC-PCR analysis, 14 distinct clusters were obtained. Statistically, there were significant relationships between the source and ERIC’s genomic pattern and between the serotype of Salmonella isolates and genotypic pattern of ERIC. According to the results, Salmonella serotypes from non-human sources had considerable resistance to different antibiotics and carried significant virulence determinants and resistance genes. In addition, ERIC-PCR showed relevant results in discriminating Salmonella serotypes from other sources.

Background and Aims: Salmonellosis is an important disease among human animals and which is caused by different serovars ofSalmonella enterica. Serovars enteritidis and typhimuriumare the most prevalent serovars among human and animals which are the causes of foodborne infections. This study aimed to detect the antibiotic resistance pattern inSalmonella strains isolated from red meat as well as the molecular identification of tetracycline resistance genes.Materials and Methods: In this study, 230 red meat samples were collected during 2015 from slaughterhouses, distribution centers and industrial processing plants around Tehran and were examined using culture and biochemical tests for the presence ofSalmonella isolates.Serotyping was performed using O and H antisera. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done for all the strains. Detection the tetracycline resistance gene was performed using Multiplex PCR and specific primers for thetetA, tetB, tetC and tet D genes.Results and Conclusions: A total of 60 Salmonella samples were isolated and identified.The serotyping results showed that all of the 60 samples belonged to group D and serovar enteritidis. The highest resistance was against amoxicillin and the lowest resistance against gentamicin. Twenty five percent of the samples showed phenotypical resistance to tetracycline, among which 60% had thetet genes, 7 isolates (46.6%) having the tetA gene, one isolate having thetetB and one isolate possessing the tetC gene. This study showed the prevalence of Salmonellaisolates in red meat samples and and the presence of tetracycline resistance genes among these isolates.

The Kerman region stands out as one of the most significant mining areas globally, owing to its extensive and abundant mineral resources. Bam County, situated in the southeastern part of Kerman, has historically served as a crucial hub connecting the southeast of Iran with Sistan and Afghanistan, attributed to its distinctive geological and geomorphological characteristics. Enjoying considerable commercial and military importance since the Sassanid era, Bam County has garnered attention in archaeological research as a strategically vital region. The exploration of Bam's archaeological sites becomes imperative for historical governments, highlighting the need to investigate and comprehend ancient centers engaged in metal smelting and mining activities. Consequently, an archaeological survey of the central part of Bam County was initiated in 2018-2019 with the specific objective of identifying metal smelting workshops and ancient mines. This article presents the outcomes of a field survey conducted in the central part of Bam County, shedding light on evidence of metal smelting centers, furnaces, and historical mining activities. The primary research inquiries center around the chronology of mining evidence in the central part of Bam County, the types of metals extracted, and the processes involved in metal mining and metallurgy within this region. Employing field and documentary methods, the research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. The study identified and examined eight sites showcasing evidence of smelting and slag, one ancient mine, and two active mines. These sites have been associated with the extraction and processing of metals and elements such as tin, zinc, lead, silver, iron, and, to a lesser extent, gold. Notably, the substantial volume of zinc and zinc oxide processing in seven sites holds significance. Although cultural materials for chronological dating were absent in the investigated sites, historical sources indicate that the extraction and smelting of these metals in the region date back to at least the 3rd century AH (9th century AD) and persisted until the Qajar period

2Background: Antibiotic resistance represents a critical global concern within the medical community, posing significant challenges in the treatment of infections caused by drug-resistant pathogens. Over the years, broad-spectrum fluoroquinolones have been extensively used to treat infections caused by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this study, we decided to assess the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance mechanisms among clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa in Ardabil hospitals. Methods: We analyzed a total of 200 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, collected between June 2019 and May 2023. The antibiotic resistance profiles of these strains against various fluoroquinolone antibiotics were determined using the disk diffusion method. Additionally, we investigated the presence of qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, and qnrS genes through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Furthermore, we assessed the expression levels of efflux pump genes and outer membrane porin genes using the quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) in fluoroquinolone-resistant P. aeruginosa strains. Results: Our findings revealed that 69% of P. aeruginosa strains were resistant to fluoroquinolones. The resistance rates for different fluoroquinolones were as follows: ciprofloxacin 55.5%, ofloxacin 62%, norfloxacin 53.5%, lomefloxacin 55.3%, and levofloxacin 55.5%. Notably, 78.9% of these strains exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR). Among the qnr genes, qnrB was the most prevalent (2.9%). No other qnr genes were identified. Interestingly, 75% of P. aeruginosa strains carrying the qnrB gene showed overexpression of efflux pump genes, while 100% exhibited down-regulation of the oprD gene. Conclusion: Given the high prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant P. aeruginosa clinical isolates in Ardabil hospitals and the multifactorial nature of resistance, continuous monitoring of antibiotic resistance trends and understanding the underlying resistance mechanisms are crucial for selecting appropriate treatment strategies.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterial pathogen that can cause a wide range of nosocomial infections. Nasal colonization by S. aureus plays an important role both in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of infection. Objectives: This study aimed at detecting the biofilm-forming capacity of clinical isolates and detection of icaA and agr genes. Methods: A total of 150 clinical specimens was collected from patients in different hospitals in Baghdad. The clinical samples included wounds, abscess, sputum, and ear infections. The suspected isolates were cultured for one day at 37 ° C on mannitol salt agar in an aerobic environment. Results: The results showed that of 150 samples, 44 isolates were S. aureus (29. 3%), of wounds samples, 22 isolates (45. 83%) were S. aureus, 13 (37. 14%) were from abscess, 7 (17. 95%) from sputum, and 2 isolates (7. 14%) from ear samples. This study found that most isolates formed biofilm, but the levels of biofilm were distributed across three ranges. The results also indicated that 47. 7% of the isolates produced a strong biofilm, as well as 38. 6 and 13. 6% produced moderate and weak biofilms, respectively. The present molecular results showed that S. aureus from different samples were 13 (59. 1%), 4 (30. 77%), 3 (42. 85%), 0 (0%) from wounds, abscess, sputum, ear, respectively, were positive for agr gene. While the results showed 18 (81. 8%), 10 (76. 9%), 5 (71. 4%), 1 (50%), respectively, were positive for icaA gene. Conclusions: Most S. aureus isolates isolated from wound were biofilm positive. These isolates bore icaA and agr genes in a high quantity.

Identification the sources of seedling and adult plant resistance genes is important for gene pyramiding, gene deployment, and developing durable wheat cultivars to control the leaf rust with Puccinia triticinea Erickss agent. In this study, 218 Iranian wheat genotypes collected from different regions were cultivated in one-meter lines in the experimental farm of Golestan Agricultural Research Station in Ahwaz during 2019-2020 and treated with Khouzestan leaf rust prevalent pathotypes including LR-98-8, LR-98-5, LR-94-5 and LR-9-4. Seedling reactions with five prevalent pathotypes were carried out in a randomized complete block design with two replications in the greenhouses of the Cereal Pathology Unit of Seed and Plant Breeding Institute, Karaj. To evaluate resistance, we used Infection Type (IT), AUDPC (Area Under Disease Progression Curve), Final Disease Severity(FDS) and Coefficient Infection (CI) indices. The results showed that 10 percent and 7 percent of the genotypes are resistant in greenhouse and field conditions, respectively. In the adult plant stage, the responses of 23 genotypes were moderately resistant (MR) and 14 genotypes were moderately susceptible (MS). The correlation coefficients between the final disease severity, with the coefficient infection and rAUDPC were 0.989 and 0.949, respectively. Finally, 30 genotypes with the desired characteristics, ie final disease severity between 0-40%, coefficient of infection between 0-40 and rAUDPC between 0-30% were selected as the suitable genotypes. Cluster analysis classified the genotypes into four groups: susceptible (S), moderately susceptible (MS), moderately resistant (MR) and resistant (R).

In order to study gene dosage effect and comparison of resistance level to rhizomania, two resistance sources B. vulgaris subsp. maritima, WB42, and B. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris, Holly, were crossed with susceptible parents and F1, F2 and BC1 populations were obtained. WB42 as also hand-crossed in pairs with Holly ann Fl population was obtained. Individual plants of parents, F1, F2 and BC1 populations were assessed by DAS-ELISA in greenhouse and relation of gene dosage effect with the ratio of BNYVV -tree: BNYVV -infected plants was investigated. Also, number of viable plants in parents and F1 families were counted to compare the level of resistance. In segregating populations, a significant, relationship between the gene dosage effect and the ratio of BNYVV-free: BNYVV-infected plants was not observed. But, observed ratio of BNYVV-free plants in F1 population of Holly × WB42 was in agreement with the expected ratio of plants containing two genes. This result was probably related to the increase of resistance level by combining two different genes. Moreover, statistical comparisons of resistance sources showed that the viability in F1 families of WB42 was higher than Holly, although the difference between parents was not significant.

Introduction: Unlike many environmental bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a remarkable capacity to cause disease in susceptible hosts. It has the ability to adapt and thrive in many ecological niches from water, soil to plants and animal tissues. Pseudomonas is one of the most frequent causes of nosocomial infections. This organism usually appears as an opportunistic pathogen which can invade patients with impair defenses, The purpose of this study was to compare the antibiotic resistance and plasmid profiles in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from different sources. Method: In a prospective study, 70 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from different sources (40 from burn patients of shahid Motahary Hospital, 7 from urinary tract infections of Labafi nejad hospital and 23 from vegetables and soil) were isolated and identified. resistance to antibiotic of them were determined by Kirby-Bauer method. Plasmid profile's of isolated bacteria were done on a horizontal electrophoresis on agarose gel, detected and photographed. Results: Results indicated that the Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burn infections were resistance to sulfametoxazol trimetoprim, cefalexin, ceftizoxim, (100%) and all Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from environmental sources (vegetables, soil) were sensitive to ciproflaxacin (100%). Plasmid profiles analysis showed that the Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burn infections with 1-3 Kbp and from urinary tract infections with 1.5-3 kbp and from environment with 1.5-2.5 kbp molecular weight. Discussion: The results showed that the antibiotic resistance and plasmid profiles of different sources of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were varied. This showed bacterial response to different ecological niches (clinical and environmental life). In this study, all isolates were resistant to trimetoprim- sulfametoxazol, cefalexin and ceftizoxim, that indicated probably intrinsic resistance. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of all isolates is crucial for the treatment of infection.